There’s a bunch of packages you might need to install to get 32-bit support for Quartus Prime Lite Modelsim on Debian 12:
sudo apt-get install gcc-multilib g++-multilib lib32z1 lib32stdc++6 lib32gcc1 expat:i386 fontconfig:i386 libfreetype6:i386 libexpat1:i386 libc6:i386 libgtk-3-0:i386 libcanberra0:i386 libice6:i386 libsm6:i386 libncurses5:i386 zlib1g:i386 libx11-6:i386 libxau6:i386 libxdmcp6:i386 libxext6:i386 libxft2:i386 libxrender1:i386 libxt6:i386 libxtst6:i386
From there, you can navigate to your Quartus installation folder (likely ~/IntelFPGA_Lite), then navigate to the ModelSim folder, then bin, then execute ./vsim. The ModelSim GUI should open.